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The in vivo study performed by Aziz et al. [ 110] assessed the diuretic property of the aqueous methanol extract from aerial parts of spearmint in rat models. The treatment administered to experimental rats at dose 100 mg/kg revealed significant diuresis (3.74 ± 0.41 mL). The values obtained are more or less close to the reference standard (furosemide, 4.05 ± 0.34 mL) ( ). Also, the extract of spearmint significantly increased the excretion of potassium and sodium ( ), while a significant change in the pH has not been observed after administration of M. viridis extract. 3.5.9. Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities

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Initially, Yousuf et al. [ 97] orally administered single doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg of whole plant methanolic extract to mice of both sexes. After 24 hours of observation, no mortality or signs of toxicity were noticed. One year later, aerial parts of the same extract at a dose of 5000 mg/kg of extract (the limit test dose according to OECD guidelines 425) showed similar results in female rats [ 113]. Indeed, during the 14 days of oral gavage, no mortality was recorded, considering the LD 50 to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. In addition, no changes in the behavior and the bodyweight of the animals were observed. At the end of the experiment and after sacrificing animals, there were no toxicologically significant biochemical and hematological changes compared to the control group. The histological evaluation did not reveal any morphological changes or gross lesions in the lung, kidney, liver, and heart tissues. These results corroborate those obtained by Kedia et al. [ 66]. They recorded low toxicity (LD 50 = 8342.33 μL/kg) of the essential oil of M. spicata aerial parts following oral administration of different doses (0.05–0.5 mL) to mice ( Mus musculus L.). Akdogan, M., Tamer, M. N., Cure, E., Cure, M. C., Koroglu, B. K., and Delibas, N. Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism. Phytother.Res 2007;21(5):444-447. View abstract. Mentha spicata (spearmint): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18 . Retrieved 2018-12-10. Several studies investigated the antifungal activity of Mentha spicata extracts using different parts of the plant and different methods such as the disc diffusion method, microdilution method, agar well diffusion method, spots method, and microdilution broth susceptibility assay [ 5, 11, 62, 63]. Laska, M.; Liesen, A.; Teubner, P. (1999). "Enantioselectivity of odor perception in squirrel monkeys and humans". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 277 (4): R1098–R1103. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.r1098. PMID 10516250.The antioxidant activity of different parts of M. spicata is certainly attributed to its major compounds. Indeed, L-menthone (32.74%) and pulegone (26.67%) were the main volatiles of its essential oil, while apigenin (38.4 mg/100 g dry weight) was the main flavonoid in methanolic extracts [ 104]. These molecules are renowned for their antioxidant potential [ 109]. 3.5.8. Diuretic Activity Imai, H., Osawa, K., Yasuda, H., Hamashima, H., Arai, T., and Sasatsu, M. Inhibition by the essential oils of peppermint and spearmint of the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Microbios 2001;106 Suppl 1:31-39. View abstract.

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Carvone is a member of a family of chemicals called terpenoids. [2] Carvone is found naturally in many essential oils, but is most abundant in the oils from seeds of caraway ( Carum carvi), spearmint ( Mentha spicata), and dill. [3] Uses [ edit ] Eliopoulos, P. A.; Hassiotis, C. N.; Andreadis, S. S.; Porichi, A. E. (2015). "Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from basil and spearmint against two major Pyralid pests of stored products". Journal of Economic Entomology. 108 (2): 805–810. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov029. PMID 26470193. S2CID 36828154. Certainly, M. spicata contains molecules biologically active having biological effects, and effective spectroscopic analysis of extracts and essential oils of M. spicata using GC-MS, HPLC, HPLC-MS, and RMN revealed the presence of several phytochemical bioactive compounds belonging to different classes of secondary metabolites in particularly the classes of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes [ 3, 4]. Indeed, the distribution of these chemical compounds between different plant parts and collection regions is variable, which explains different traditional uses (with efficacy) of this species according to each region. In addition, the extraction of these chemical compounds depends on used methods and therefore can justify the difference in traditional applications according to used methods of pharmaceutical formulations preparation. The dextro-form, S-(+)-carvone is obtained practically pure by the fractional distillation of caraway oil. The levo-form obtained from the oils containing it usually requires additional treatment to produce high purity R-(−)-carvone. This can be achieved by the formation of an addition compound with hydrogen sulfide, from which carvone may be regenerated by treatment with potassium hydroxide in ethanol and then distilling the product in a current of steam. Carvone may be synthetically prepared from limonene via limonene nitrosochloride which may be formed by treatment of limonene with isoamyl nitrite in glacial acetic acid. This compound is then converted into carvoxime, which can be achieved by refluxing with DMF in isopropanol. Refluxing carvoxime with 5% oxalic acid yields carvone. [16] This procedure affords R-(−)-carvone from R-(+)-limonene. The major use of d-limonene is as a precursor to S-(+)-carvone. The large scale availability of orange rinds, a byproduct in the production of orange juice, has made limonene cheaply available, and synthetic carvone correspondingly inexpensively prepared. [17] Spearmint leaves can be used fresh, dried, or frozen. [31] The leaves lose their aromatic appeal after the plant flowers. It can be dried by cutting just before, or right (at peak) as the flowers open, about one-half to three-quarters the way down the stalk (leaving smaller shoots room to grow). [32] Some dispute exists as to what drying method works best; some prefer different materials (such as plastic or cloth) and different lighting conditions (such as darkness or sunlight). The leaves can also be preserved in salt, sugar, sugar syrup, alcohol, or oil.People use spearmint for memory, digestion, osteoarthritis, nausea and vomiting after surgery, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. Harley, R. M.; Brighton, C. A. (1977). "Chromosome numbers in the genus Mentha L.". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London ( OUP). 74 (1): 71–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01168.x. ISSN 0024-4074. Safety considerations: Side effects may include sleepiness and slowed breathing. Pregnant or breastfeeding people may need to avoid consuming large amounts of spearmint.

spicata Essential Oil: Chemical Composition Mentha spicata Essential Oil: Chemical Composition

Word of Caution:There are no reported dangers of using this essential oil, but as an emmenagogue, it should not be taken by pregnant women. Johnson, A. J. and Miles, C. Chewing gum and context-dependent memory: the independent roles of chewing gum and mint flavour. Br.J Psychol. 2008;99(Pt 2):293-306. View abstract.In the body, in vivo studies indicate that both enantiomers of carvone are mainly metabolized into dihydrocarvonic acid, carvonic acid and uroterpenolone. [19] (–)-Carveol is also formed as a minor product via reduction by NADPH. (+)-Carvone is likewise converted to (+)-carveol. [20] This mainly occurs in the liver and involves cytochrome P450 oxidase and (+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase. Torney, L. K., Johnson, A. J., and Miles, C. Chewing gum and impasse-induced self-reported stress. Appetite 2009;53(3):414-417. View abstract. The relaxing properties of spearmint oil may relax the intestines and muscles of the abdominal region, thereby allowing the gases formed in the stomach and the intestines to pass out of the body naturally. This provides relief from many health concerns, including uneasiness and restlessness, insomnia, headaches, stomach aches, indigestion, loss of appetite, chest pain, vomiting, cramps, and other related symptoms. Relieves Stress

Spearmint and Peppermint? Which One The 4 Differences Between Spearmint and Peppermint? Which One

Zaidi et al. [ 70] evaluated the antifungal efficiency of oil leaves from M. spicata against four fungal species including A. niger and Aspergillus spp., C. albicans, and Rhizopus nigricans, using the agar well diffusion method. The results showed that Mentha spicata oil exhibited an excellent potential against fungal strains tested but with differing sensitivity. A. niger showed a strong inhibition zone of 15.7 ± 0.09 mm compared to C. albicans, which possessed an inhibition zone of 11.8 ± 0.10 mm. However, M. spicata oil was not able to inhibit the growth of R. nigricans strain. The oil also exhibited an antifungal effect against Aspergillus spp . (13 ± 0.13 mm). In another study, using the agar well diffusion method, essential oil isolated from spearmint was observed to act as a stronger bioactive source against fungal species with a different zone of inhibition. Indeed, inhibition zone diameters for Aspergillus ochraceus (NRRL 3174) (Ф = 43 mm) and Mucor ramamnianus (ATCC 9314) (Ф = 40 mm) were higher than inhibition zone diameters for S. cerevisiae (ATCC 4226 A) (Ф = 25 mm) and C. albicans IPA 200 (Ф = 21 mm) [ 72]. 3.5.2. Antibacterial Activity Gunatheesan S, Tam MM, Tate B, et al. Retrospective study of oral lichen planus and allergy to spearmint oil. Australas J Dermatol 2012;53:224-8. View abstract.

a b c d Simonsen, J. L. (1953). The Terpenes. Vol.1 (2nded.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.394–408. Sivropoulou, Afroditi; Kokkini, Stella; Lanaras, Thomas; Arsenakis, Minas (1995-09-01). "Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (9): 2384–2388. doi: 10.1021/jf00057a013. ISSN 0021-8561.